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　　Have you ever heard of unmanned farms? 【1】

隨著我國(guó)初步工業(yè)化目標(biāo)達(dá)成，城市化水平高達(dá)65.6%，更多人進(jìn)入工商業(yè)謀發(fā)展。由此帶來(lái)農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力成本呈數(shù)10倍提高，傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)業(yè)態(tài)受到前所未有之挑戰(zhàn)。大量珍貴的土地被撂荒，小農(nóng)生產(chǎn)難以為繼；為了端牢中國(guó)人自己的飯碗，近些年來(lái)我國(guó)探索家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)模式，找到到了初步答案：適度規(guī)模化經(jīng)營(yíng)（家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)）+無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)。前者筆者已有論述，本文聚焦無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)，與關(guān)注此話題者共饗。

With the achievement of China's initial industrialization goal, the urbanization level is as high as 65.6%, and more people enter the industry and commerce for development. As a result, the agricultural labor cost was increased by 10 times, and the traditional agricultural business forms were faced with unprecedented challenges. A large number of precious land was abandoned, making small-scale production unsustainable. In order to secure the Chinese jobs, China has explored the family farm model and found a preliminary answer: moderatescale operation (family farm) + unmanned farm. The former author has discussed, this paper focuses on unmanned farm, and focus about this topic.

1、無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的標(biāo)志，是未來(lái)智慧農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展方向。為我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)，提升國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力提供了一條有效的路徑。無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)具有耕種管收生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)全覆蓋，機(jī)庫(kù)田間轉(zhuǎn)移作業(yè)全自動(dòng)、自動(dòng)避障異況停車保安全、作物生產(chǎn)過(guò)程實(shí)時(shí)全監(jiān)控、智能決策精準(zhǔn)作業(yè)全無(wú)人等五大特點(diǎn)，能把作業(yè)人員從繁重的駕駛操作中解放出來(lái)，大大提高作業(yè)效率，其發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì)表現(xiàn)在：

1. Unmanned farm is the symbol of modern agriculture and the development direction of smart agriculture in the future. It provides an effective way for China's agricultural transformation and upgrading and enhance the competitiveness of the international market. No farm with full coverage of farming tube production link, hangar field transfer operation automatic, automatic obstacle avoidance different condition parking safety, crop production process real-time monitoring, intelligent decision-making accurate operation all unmanned five characteristics, can liberate the workers from heavydriving operation, greatly improve the operation efficiency, its development advantages in:

1.1、生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量高
通過(guò)機(jī)器換人，傳統(tǒng)勞動(dòng)力變?yōu)榱烁叨戎悄芑臋C(jī)器人，無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)管理系統(tǒng)摒棄了傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)純經(jīng)驗(yàn)式的耕作模式，使農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力要素徹底改觀。特別是農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)器人具有不知疲倦、反應(yīng)快速、精準(zhǔn)作業(yè)的先天性優(yōu)勢(shì)，支持標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)的特點(diǎn)。適合進(jìn)行高強(qiáng)度的具有工業(yè)化特點(diǎn)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。

1.1 High production efficiency and high quality Through the replacement of machines, the traditional labor force has changed into a highly intelligent robot, and the unmanned farm management system has abandoned the traditional agricultural pure empirical farming mode, completely changing the elements of agricultural labor force. In particular, agricultural robots have the congenital advantages of tireless, rapid response and accurate operation, and support the characteristics of standardized production. Suitable for high-intensity agricultural production withindustrial characteristics.
低強(qiáng)度、重復(fù)勞動(dòng)要求為機(jī)器人讓路。機(jī)器人是無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)勞作的主體，人不再?gòu)氖罗r(nóng)業(yè)，或者直接從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)管理的時(shí)間大大縮短，只需發(fā)現(xiàn)和糾正存在的問(wèn)題，工作強(qiáng)度大大降低。另一方面，農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)器人效率高、質(zhì)量高，還能有效避免化肥、農(nóng)藥等化學(xué)物品對(duì)人體的危害。

requirement makes way for the robot. Robots are the main body of unmanned farm work. People are no longer engaged in agriculture, or directly engaged in agricultural production and management time is greatly shortened, which only needs to find and correct the existing problems, and the work intensity is greatly reduced. On the other hand, agricultural robots have high efficiency and high quality, and can also effectively avoid the harm of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals to the human body.
1.2、作物抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力高
農(nóng)業(yè)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、低利潤(rùn)的產(chǎn)業(yè)特性較為突出。而無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)利用信息技術(shù)可以更好地調(diào)控農(nóng)作物生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境，使其更好地滿足作物生長(zhǎng)需求，從而提高農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)，有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)作物的高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)，抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力的提高有助于更好地吸引社會(huì)資本進(jìn)入。這種高科技的智能種田模式改變了當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民僅憑個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)、看天種田的傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)耕方式，同時(shí)可以精準(zhǔn)制訂生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃、預(yù)防自然災(zāi)害和病蟲災(zāi)害。

1.2. High crop risk resistance, high agricultural risk and low profit industry characteristics are more prominent. Unmanned farms can use information technology to better regulate the growth environment of crops, so that they can better meet the growth needs of crops, so as to improve the yield and quality of crops, which is conducive to achieving high and stable yield of crops, and the improvement of risk resistance ability is conducive to better attract social capital. This high-tech intelligent farming model has changed the traditional farming method of local farmers onlyrelying on their personal experience and farming, and can accurately formulate production plans and prevent natural disasters and disease and insect disasters.
1.3、“慧種田”替代“會(huì)種田”
無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)的自動(dòng)化機(jī)械將促進(jìn)高分辨率精準(zhǔn)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，不同的農(nóng)田、甚至可能是某一株作物都能得到區(qū)別對(duì)待，同時(shí)優(yōu)化農(nóng)田耕種投入并有可能將成本大大降低。如通過(guò)無(wú)人機(jī)紅外線遙感監(jiān)測(cè)可以快速診斷出病蟲害；通過(guò)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)，可以提高食品的可追溯性，促進(jìn)食品安全。

1.3 The automatic machinery of "intelligent farming" instead of "intelligent farming" unmanned farm will promote the development of high-resolution precision agriculture, different farmland, and perhaps even a certain crop can be treated differently, while the optimization of farmland cultivation input and may greatly reduce the cost. For example, diseases and diseases can be diagnosed quickly. Through Internet of Things technology, food traceability and food safety can be improved.
建設(shè)無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)是緩解農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力短缺、推進(jìn)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)的一個(gè)重要途徑。近年來(lái)，國(guó)家出臺(tái)多項(xiàng)農(nóng)業(yè)相關(guān)政策及規(guī)劃，支持無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)的技術(shù)研發(fā)、推廣應(yīng)用，全面提升無(wú)人化數(shù)字技術(shù)在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的應(yīng)用水平，不斷加快推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化。2020年10月，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十九屆中央委員會(huì)第五次全體會(huì)議《中共中央關(guān)于制定國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十四個(gè)五年規(guī)劃和二〇三五年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)的建議》，提出“通過(guò)農(nóng)業(yè)大數(shù)據(jù)與人工智能等技術(shù)，創(chuàng)新發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)智能裝備，提高涉農(nóng)人員運(yùn)用信息與知識(shí)水平和管理決策能力，核心解決卡脖子與短板技術(shù)、農(nóng)村勞力短缺、人工成本高的問(wèn)題，確保農(nóng)業(yè)安全自主可控?！?021年2月，中共中央國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布《關(guān)于全面推進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村振興加快農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化的意見》，提出“建立農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村大數(shù)據(jù)體系，推動(dòng)新一代信息技術(shù)與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)深度融合。”2021年3月，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部辦公廳發(fā)布了《關(guān)于申報(bào)2021年度全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村信息化示范基地的通知》，指出“重點(diǎn)支持示范基地發(fā)展，鼓勵(lì)示范基地率先承擔(dān)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村改革試點(diǎn)示范任務(wù)，為加快推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化奠定基礎(chǔ)。”

The construction of unmanned farm is an important way to alleviate the shortage of rural labor force and promote the construction of modern agriculture. In recent years, the state has issued a number of agriculture-related policies and plans to support the technology research and development, promotion and application of unmanned farms, comprehensively improve the application level of unmanned digital technology in agricultural production, and constantly accelerate agricultural modernization. In October 2020, the 19th session of the central committee of the fifthplenary meeting of the central committee of the communist party of China about the national economic and social development and 235 years vision proposal ", put forward" through agricultural big data and artificial intelligence technology, innovation and development of agricultural intelligent equipment, improve agricultural personnel using information and knowledge and management decision-making ability, core solveneck and short technology, rural labor shortage, high cost of labor, to ensure agricultural safety autonomous control."In February 2021, the CPC Central Committee and The State Council issued the Opinions on Comprehensively Promoting Rural Revitalization and Accelerating Agricultural and Rural Modernization, which proposed to" establish a big data system for agricultureand rural areas and promote the deep integration of new-generation information technology with agricultural production and operation."In March 2021, the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs issued the Notice on the Application for the 2021 National Agricultural and Rural Informatization Demonstration Base, pointing out that" focus on supporting the development of demonstration bases, encourage demonstration bases to take the lead in undertaking the pilot demonstration tasks ofagricultural and rural reform, and lay a foundation for accelerating agricultural modernization.”

“十四五”是實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，為發(fā)展無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)提供了巨大的發(fā)展空間，在全力推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中，結(jié)合無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用推廣，瞄準(zhǔn)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化的主攻方向，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、資源利用率和單位土地產(chǎn)出率，以實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力的徹底解放。無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)代表著最先進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力，是未來(lái)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展方向，必將引領(lǐng)數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)、精準(zhǔn)農(nóng)業(yè)、智慧農(nóng)業(yè)等現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)方式的發(fā)展。

the practical application of unmanned farm, aimed at the main direction of agricultural rural modernization, improve labor productivity, resource utilization and unit land productivity, in order to realize the complete liberation of agricultural labor force. Unmanned farm represents the most advanced agricultural productivity, is the future development direction of agriculture, and will certainly lead the development of modern agricultural methods such as digital agriculture, precision agriculture and intelligent agriculture.

2、我國(guó)無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

近年來(lái)，在政府的大力支持下，中國(guó)無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)快速發(fā)展。無(wú)人化農(nóng)機(jī)應(yīng)用逐漸興起，截止到2018年7月，全國(guó)21個(gè)省市開展了8種主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品大數(shù)據(jù)的試點(diǎn)，圍繞設(shè)施溫室智能化、無(wú)人化管理的需求，自主研制出了一批設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)作物環(huán)境信息傳感器、多回路智能控制器、節(jié)水灌溉控制器、水肥一體化等技術(shù)產(chǎn)品，對(duì)提高我國(guó)溫室智能化、無(wú)人化管理發(fā)揮了重要作用。

2. Development status of unmanned farms in China In recent years, with the strong support of the government, unmanned farms in China have developed rapidly. Unmanned agricultural machinery application gradually rise, as of July 2018,21 provinces and cities across the country has carried out eight kinds of major agricultural data pilot, around the facilities of intelligent greenhouse, unmanned management demand, independently developed a batch of facilities agricultural crop environmental information sensor, circuit intelligent controller, watersaving irrigation controller, cucumber in integration technology products, to improve our country greenhouse intelligent, unmanned management has played an important role.-

2022年，我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化率達(dá)到了74%，進(jìn)入后農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化新階段。農(nóng)業(yè)裝備智能化水平越來(lái)越高，為無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)發(fā)展提供了強(qiáng)大而完善的裝備與科技支撐。2021年，我國(guó)及時(shí)布局17個(gè)無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)研究課題，取得了大量的可復(fù)制的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。隨著數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)試點(diǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的開展，我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)逐漸形成耕、種、管、收全程數(shù)字化生產(chǎn)管理模式，應(yīng)用農(nóng)機(jī)自動(dòng)駕駛裝備和無(wú)人化農(nóng)機(jī)取得了顯著效果。

strong and perfect equipment and scientific and technological support for the development of unmanned farms. In 2021, China has laid out 17 unmanned farm experiments and research topics in time, and obtained a large number of replicable test data. With the development of digital agriculture pilot construction projects, China's agriculture has gradually formed the digital production management mode of tillage, planting, management and harvesting, and the application of automatic driving equipment and unmanned agricultural machinery has achievedremarkable results.

我國(guó)無(wú)人化農(nóng)機(jī)創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品方面，“東方紅”、“歐豹”無(wú)人駕駛拖拉機(jī)、“谷神”無(wú)人駕駛聯(lián)合收割機(jī)已成功應(yīng)用，還實(shí)現(xiàn)了收割機(jī)與運(yùn)糧車的自主導(dǎo)航無(wú)人駕駛；“豐疆”高速無(wú)人駕駛插秧機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)了水田原地掉頭對(duì)行、秧盤自動(dòng)提升等功能，已在多地投入水稻插秧生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐。部分地區(qū)的棉花種植全部使用衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航自動(dòng)駕駛技術(shù)，在夜間或能見度較差的天氣作業(yè)也可做到準(zhǔn)確對(duì)行，整個(gè)作業(yè)季每臺(tái)機(jī)具較手動(dòng)駕駛平均多播種1000畝。與人工駕駛播種10行的地塊相比較，采用自動(dòng)駕駛可播種11行，土地利用率可提高0.5%—2.5%，棉花精準(zhǔn)施肥能夠節(jié)肥15%、單產(chǎn)增加5%左右。

high-speed unmanned rice transplanter has realized the functions of turning in place and automatic improvement of rice plate, and has been put into the production practice of rice transplanting in many places. In some areas, the cotton planting all uses satellite navigation automatic driving technology, which can be done accurately at night or in the weather with poor visibility. During the whole operation season, each machine sows 1000 mu more than that of manual driving. Compared with the plots sowing 10 lines by manual driving, 11 lines can be sown by automatic driving, the landutilization rate can be increased by 0.5% -2.5%, and cotton precision fertilization can save fertilizer by 15% and increase the yield per unit area by about 5%.
經(jīng)過(guò)10多年努力奮斗，我國(guó)無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)裝備進(jìn)入”豐產(chǎn)收獲期“，奠定了雄厚的基礎(chǔ)。但與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比較，由于起步較晚，大部分裝備技術(shù)還處于探索階段，技術(shù)成熟度和經(jīng)濟(jì)性仍有許多欠缺，距離實(shí)現(xiàn)完全的無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)還需要經(jīng)歷一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期演進(jìn)過(guò)程。目前，制約我國(guó)無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)發(fā)展的短板技術(shù)有三項(xiàng)：

hard work, China's unmanned agricultural equipment has entered the "high harvest period", laying a solid foundation. However, compared with developed countries, due to the late start, most of the equipment technology is still in the exploratory stage, and there are still many deficiencies in technology maturity and economy, so it still needs to go through a long evolution process to achieve complete unmanned agriculture. At present, there are three weak board technologies that restrict the development of unmanned farms in China:

一是農(nóng)業(yè)專用傳感器落后，我國(guó)目前自主研發(fā)農(nóng)業(yè)傳感器數(shù)量不到世界的10%，且穩(wěn)定性差；

二是動(dòng)植物模型與智能決策準(zhǔn)確度低，很多情況是時(shí)序控制而不是按需決策控制；

三是缺乏智能化精準(zhǔn)作業(yè)裝備，作業(yè)質(zhì)量差。在應(yīng)用推廣上，大多數(shù)項(xiàng)目停留在信息的簡(jiǎn)單傳輸與顯示，展示成分大于實(shí)際效果，與農(nóng)業(yè)融合深度不夠，缺乏解決農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)際問(wèn)題的效果。

backward, the number of independent research and development of agricultural sensors is less than 10% of the world, and the stability is poor;

 Second, the accuracy of animal and plant model and intelligent decision is low, in many cases are timing control rather than on-demand decision control;

Third, the lack of intelligent and accurate operation equipment, poor operation quality. In terms of application and promotion, most of the projects stay in the simple transmission and display of information, the display components are greater than the actual effect,the depth of integration with agriculture is not enough, and the effect of solving practical problems in agriculture is lacking.

3、我國(guó)無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)發(fā)展模式及展望

經(jīng)過(guò)近些年的試驗(yàn)研究，我國(guó)形成五大類型無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)模式。隨著高度集成化、智能化的農(nóng)業(yè)裝備加快普及，一些技術(shù)產(chǎn)品應(yīng)用成本逐漸下降，使無(wú)人化農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用成為可能，未來(lái)農(nóng)場(chǎng)“機(jī)器換人”將是必然，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域也將逐漸擴(kuò)大，如無(wú)人大田、無(wú)人果園、無(wú)人溫室、無(wú)人牧場(chǎng)、無(wú)人漁場(chǎng)等領(lǐng)域，田地監(jiān)控、噴灑農(nóng)藥、施肥、收割等一系列農(nóng)務(wù)活動(dòng)都可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在無(wú)人的環(huán)境下精準(zhǔn)、高效作業(yè)，從而解決水田植保、育苗嫁接、病死畜禽處理等作業(yè)環(huán)境差、勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大、精準(zhǔn)度要求高、安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范難的有關(guān)問(wèn)題。無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)五大模式：

3. Development model and prospect of unmanned farms in China

After recent years of experimental research, five types of unmanned farms have been formed in China. With the accelerated popularization of highly integrated and intelligent agricultural equipment, The application cost of some technology products is gradually falling, Enabling the application of unmanned agricultural techniques in agricultural production, The future of the farm "machine replacement" will be inevitable, The application field will also gradually expand, Such as unmanned fields, unmanned orchards, unmanned greenhouses,unmanned pastures, unmanned fishing grounds and other fields, A series of agricultural activities such as field monitoring, pesticide spraying, fertilization and harvesting can achieve accurate and efficient operation in an unmanned environment, So as to solve the related problems of poor working environment, high labor intensity, high precision requirements and difficult safety risk prevention in paddy field plant protection,seedling grafting, and treatment of sick and dead livestock and poultry. Five modes of unmanned farms:

3.1.無(wú)人大田

無(wú)人大田是最早的無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)類型。目前我國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)自動(dòng)導(dǎo)航駕駛系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在大田種植中開始規(guī)?；茝V應(yīng)用，隨著應(yīng)用技術(shù)的成熟、決策模型精度的提高，未來(lái)幾年我國(guó)大田種植在裝備質(zhì)量、機(jī)具種類、智能化水平上發(fā)展升級(jí)趨勢(shì)將會(huì)加快。

3.1. No one is left out in the fields

Unmanned field is the earliest type of unmanned farm. At present, China's agricultural machinery automatic navigation driving system has begun to be promoted and applied in field planting. With the maturity of application technology and the improvement of decision model accuracy, the development and upgrading trend of field planting in equipment quality, equipment type and intelligence level will be accelerated in the next few years.

3.2.無(wú)人果園

無(wú)人果園走上引進(jìn)與創(chuàng)新提高相結(jié)合的路子，通過(guò)引進(jìn)并創(chuàng)新了網(wǎng)室保護(hù)性栽培、歐洲脫毒苗木、矮砧寬行密植栽培、全程機(jī)械化管理、農(nóng)業(yè)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等先進(jìn)技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了果園標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的集成應(yīng)用與示范推廣。未來(lái)無(wú)人果園需進(jìn)一步技術(shù)集成與創(chuàng)新，研發(fā)地面?zhèn)鞲衅鳌⒏叻直媛屎教?、航空影像多維度感知，采集數(shù)據(jù)的實(shí)時(shí)回傳，達(dá)到及時(shí)、全面了解果園生產(chǎn)狀況；開展果業(yè)生產(chǎn)、儲(chǔ)運(yùn)、銷售數(shù)字化研究，制定各環(huán)節(jié)數(shù)字化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)果業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)全鏈條數(shù)字化呈現(xiàn)；通過(guò)云服務(wù)、邊緣計(jì)算設(shè)備、智能作業(yè)前端裝備實(shí)現(xiàn)云邊端一體化的農(nóng)業(yè)智能作業(yè)新模式。

3.2. Unmanned orchard

Unmanned orchard embarked on the way of combining introduction and innovation improvement, through the introduction and innovation of advanced technologies such as network room protective cultivation, European virus-free seedlings, short anvil wide line dense planting cultivation, full mechanization management, agricultural Internet of things and so on, realizing the integrated application and demonstration of orchard standardized production technology. In the future, unmanned orchards need further technology integration and innovation,develop ground sensors, high-resolution aerospace and aerial image perception, real-time transmission of data collection, so as to achieve timely and comprehensive understanding of orchard production status; conduct digital research of fruit production, storage and transportation, and sales, formulate digital standards of each link, realize the digital presentation of the whole chain of fruit industry; realize the new intelligent agricultural operation mode of cloud edge-end integration through cloud service, edge computingequipment and intelligent operation front-end equipment.

3.2無(wú)人溫室

無(wú)人溫室，是集數(shù)字化、智能化于一體的無(wú)人溫室大棚種植，是無(wú)人農(nóng)場(chǎng)技術(shù)在設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)用的產(chǎn)物。目前我國(guó)以無(wú)土栽培、立體種植、自動(dòng)化管理為特征的植物工廠研發(fā)和產(chǎn)品水平較為先進(jìn)，已具備自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的成套技術(shù)設(shè)備，但我國(guó)設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化率不足50%。因而，在十四五期間，我國(guó)無(wú)人溫室需進(jìn)一步提升設(shè)施栽培生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的自動(dòng)化、智能化、機(jī)械化水平，從環(huán)境調(diào)控自動(dòng)化、生產(chǎn)過(guò)程無(wú)人化、分級(jí)包裝智能化等重點(diǎn)方面入手，發(fā)展具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)器人。

3.3、Unmanned greenhouse

Unmanned greenhouse is a collection of digital and intelligent unmanned greenhouse planting, is the product of unmanned farm technology in facility agriculture. At present, China's plant factory research and development and product level characterized by soilless cultivation, three-dimensional planting and automatic management are relatively advanced, with complete sets of technical equipment with independent intellectual property rights, but the mechanization rate of facility agriculture in China is less than 50%. Therefore, during the 14th Five-year Planperiod, China's unmanned greenhouse needs to further improve the automation, intelligence and mechanization level of facility cultivation and production technology, and develop the facility agricultural robot with independent intellectual property rights from the key aspects of environmental regulation automation, unmanned production process and intelligent hierarchical packaging.
3.4.無(wú)人牧場(chǎng)
無(wú)人牧場(chǎng)是指畜禽育種、繁育、飼養(yǎng)和疾病防疫等環(huán)節(jié)以及產(chǎn)后運(yùn)輸、處理等全過(guò)程的無(wú)人化精細(xì)養(yǎng)殖模式。牧場(chǎng)無(wú)人化精細(xì)養(yǎng)殖，降低了畜禽死亡率，提升了畜、禽質(zhì)量，實(shí)現(xiàn)了畜、禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)的機(jī)器代人目的。無(wú)人牧場(chǎng)是未來(lái)牧場(chǎng)發(fā)展的大趨勢(shì)，未來(lái)將推進(jìn)畜禽圈舍通風(fēng)溫控、空氣過(guò)濾、環(huán)境感知等設(shè)備智能化改造，集成應(yīng)用電子識(shí)別、精準(zhǔn)上料、畜禽糞污處理等數(shù)字化設(shè)備，精準(zhǔn)監(jiān)測(cè)畜禽養(yǎng)殖投入品和產(chǎn)出品數(shù)量，實(shí)現(xiàn)畜禽養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境智能監(jiān)控和精準(zhǔn)飼喂。

3.4、Unmanned pasture

Unmanned pasture refers to the unmanned and fine breeding mode of livestock and poultry breeding, breeding, feeding and disease prevention, as well as the whole process of postpartum transportation and treatment. The unmanned and fine farming reduces the mortality rate of livestock and poultry, improves the quality of livestock and poultry, and realizes the purpose of machine generation in livestock and poultry farms. No ranch is the development trend of the future pasture, the future will promote livestock and poultry housing ventilation temperaturecontrol, air filtration, environmental perception equipment intelligent transformation, integrated application of electronic identification, accurate feeding, livestock and poultry waste treatment, such as digital equipment, accurate monitoring of livestock and poultry breeding inputs and production quantity, livestock and poultry breeding environment intelligent monitoring and accurate feeding.
3.5.無(wú)人漁場(chǎng)
無(wú)人漁場(chǎng)是運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)，深入開發(fā)和利用漁業(yè)信息資源，全面提高漁業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)力和經(jīng)營(yíng)管理效率的過(guò)程，是推進(jìn)漁業(yè)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，加速漁業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)的重要手段和有效途徑。其未來(lái)發(fā)展重點(diǎn)，將通過(guò)構(gòu)建基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖生產(chǎn)和管理系統(tǒng)，推進(jìn)水體環(huán)境實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控、餌料精準(zhǔn)投喂、病害監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警、循環(huán)水裝備控制、網(wǎng)箱自動(dòng)升降控制、無(wú)人機(jī)巡航等數(shù)字技術(shù)裝備普及應(yīng)用。

3.5. Unmanned fishing ground

Unmanned fishing ground is a process of using modern information technology to deeply develop and utilize fishery information resources, and comprehensively improve the comprehensive productivity and operation and management efficiency. It is an important means and effective way to promote the structural reform of the supply side of fishery and accelerate the transformation and upgrading of fishery. Its future development focus will be through the construction of aquaculture production and management system based on the Internet of Things, to promote the popularization andapplication of digital technology and equipment such as real-time monitoring of water environment, accurate feeding, disease monitoring and early warning, circulating water equipment control, automatic cage lifting control, and uav cruise.